Intraosseous lesions of the jaws appear as a wide spectrum of pathologies with different clinical and histopathological characteristics, ranging from benign, aggressive or malignant lesions that have different management, directly influencing the function and aesthetics of patients; therefore, early diagnosis is of vital importance to prevent more invasive treatments and decrease morbidity rates. The type of biopsy technique to choose will depend on a series of pre-surgical considerations, starting from the clinical evaluation of the patient, complementary examinations and differential diagnoses. The objective of this review is to determine the clinical and imaging parameters in intraosseous pathologies of the jaws that could lead the surgeon to perform incisional or excisional biopsy, as well as to present an algorithm for decision-making.
Keywords:Intraosseous Pathologies; Jaws; Incisional Biopsy; Excisional Biopsy; Management Algorithm

This review aimed to analyze the role of genetic in oral cancer. Head and Neck cancer is multifactorial disease in which a wide factors play a role in its apparition and progress. More than 90% of malignant neoplasms are oral squamous cell carcinoma developed on the mucous epithelium and the sixth most common cancer in the world. The environment, such as smokeless tobacco, alcohol, betel quid chewing are most common factors are involved in the etiology of the oral cancer. Several genes and pathways associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma are significant in terms of early detection and prognosis. Molecular biomarkers are being discovered in oral cancer diagnostic. It could be used as screening for detection and improve therapeutic strategies of oral pre-cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Keywords: Oral Cancer; Biomarkers; Molecular Pathways

Orthodontic and surgical technical advances in recent years have resulted in treatment opportunities for a whole range of craniofacial skeletal disorders either in the adolescent or adult patient. In the growing child these can include myofunctional orthodontic appliance therapy or distraction osteogenesis procedures, whilst in the adult the mainstay approach revolves around orthognathic surgery.
The literature agrees that for a change in craniofacial morphology to remain stable, the muscles acting upon the facial skeleton must be capable of adaptation in their structure and, therefore, their function. Failure of the muscles to adapt to the change in their length or orientation will place undesirable forces on the muscle attachments leading to potential instability of the skeleton. Adaptation can occur through various processes including those within the neuromuscular feedback mechanism, through changes within muscle structure or through altered muscle physiology, and through changes at the muscle/bone interface.
This prospective, case controlled clinical study was designed to provide information in relation to masticatory muscle adaptation following orthognathic surgery. Both for ease of access, and in order to provide data suitable for comparison with previous studies of muscle function, the muscle chosen for investigation was the masseter muscle.
It is now accepted that because there is no single method of assessing masticatory function, several measures should be taken, and whenever possible, simultaneously.
This pilot investigation was designed to apply several, newly developed and more sophisticated methods of measuring muscle structure and function to a situation where adaptation of muscle is pivotal to the success of a therapeutic approach.
Patients attending the combined orthodontic/orthognathic surgery clinic at the Clitrofa – Centro Médico, Dentário e Cirúrgico, in Trofa – Portugal were screen. Ten patients scheduled for a bimaxillary osteotomy involving a combination of maxillary Le Fort I impaction procedure coupled with a sagittal split advancement of the mandible were select to form the study group.
The 10 patients have Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the masseter muscle to evaluate the masseter muscle volume and fibre orientation changes. This exam was taken before surgery and 6 to 12 months after surgery according to the protocol jointly developed between the Eastman Dental Institute – University of London and the MRI Centre – Department of Radiology at John Radcliffe Hospital – University of Oxford.
Keywords: Orthognathic Surgery; Masseter Muscle; MRI Analysis

Background: Zygomatic implants have been in use since the 1990’s for the treatment of patients with severely resorbed posterior maxilla. In the anterior premaxilla the viability and high success rate seen with short implants reinforce their choice. The combination of these two implants solutions may allow eliminating grafting and immediate function.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a protocol for immediate function with fixed prostheses for patients with extreme maxillary atrophy, treated with two zygomatic implants (S.I.N.-Implant System, São Paulo, Brazil) combined with 2 short implants (S.I.N.-Implant System, São Paulo, Brazil).
Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical study included 12 patients with 48 immediately loaded implants (24 zygomatic implants and 24 short implants) with fixed provisional acrylic prosthesis attached 5 to 6 hours after surgery.
Results: The patients’ follow-up was from 12 to 60 months. Two short implants failed (implant survival rate 92%), none of the zygomatic implants failed (implant survival rate 100%). There were no complications such as sinusitis, hygiene maintenance or speech impairment.
Discussion: The results support the hypothesis that immediate function with two zygomatic implants combined with two short implants is a viable concept. The clinical success for these patients was enhanced by the shorter time span of the treatment process and the immediate rehabilitation in a comfortable manner as compared to grafting based procedures.
Conclusion: The high survival rate, the increase of patients’ demand in immediate functional ability and the less morbidity following the surgical procedure renders this immediate function procedure a viable treatment option of the resorbed fully edentulous maxilla.
Keywords:Zygomatic Implant; Short Implant; Edentulous Maxilla; Atrophic Maxilla; Immediate Function

The application of botulinum toxin has been widely used in dentistry in various stomatological indications, such as gummy smile and lip asymmetry, temporomandibular disorders (trismus, temporomandibular joint dislocation), dystonia oromandibular, sialorrhea, facial palsy, orofacial pain, parafunctional habits (bruxism and clenching) and its consequences, as masseteric hypertrophy. The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient with bruxism who presented orofacial pain and headache secondary to parafunctional habit, dysphagia and insomnia. The patient received botulinum toxin injections, even having already been user of occlusal splint, reducing hypermyotonia of masseter and temporal muscles and secondary complaints. The application of botulinum toxin is a useful therapeutic option, being effective to improve the quality of life of patients with bruxism and clenching in the highest degree, uncooperative or resistant to medical and dental treatment.
Keywords:Bruxism; Headache; Muscle Hypertonia; Occlusal Splint; Type A Botulinum Toxins