In this editorial the author discuss the important of the parent’s knowledge on early eruption of First permanent molars (FPMs) and their distinguishing from the primary teeth.
Keywords: FPMs; Parent Education; Caries; Oral Health

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to assess oral health attitudes and behaviour of dental and medical students, and the impact of various factors such as academic level, academic field, gender, and academic achievement on their oral health attitudes and behaviour.
Methods and Materials: A self-administered questionaire which is a modified form of Hiroshima University-Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) and the questionaire used by Cortes, was prepared, was distributed between 136 medical and 200 dental students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, IRAN.
Results: The mean HU-DBI score of dental students was 4.40, which is significantly higher than medical students (3.63) (P < 0.001). It was increesing with the progress of the study course in dental students.while in medicine this effect was not obsereved. There was no significant difference between male and female dental studens. While in medicine, the mean HU-DBI score of female students was significantly higher than male students.
Conclution: Due to the fact that the mean HU-DBI score of dental and medical students is much lower than the ideal score, there is a need for accurate and correct planning to improve their oral health attitude and behavior. Dental prevention knowledge should be part of the educational curriculum and taught in the first academic year to be reinforced during the enhanced study period, and stabilized as part of the personal care program.
Keywords: Oral Health; Attitudes; Behaviour; Dental Students; Medical Students

Objective: The aim of this study was to make a quantitative evaluation of the pain level in patients, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), as well as the quantitative symptomatology and clinical repair in patients submitted to three different surgery techniques to perform labial frenectomy: using Diode laser (high power), Er,Cr:YSGG laser and the conventional technique performed with a scalpel.
Methodology: Eighteen patients indicated for frenectomy were randomly distributed into three groups by lottery. Surgeries were performed and the patients were clinically and visually evaluated by means of photographic analysis, by 3 calibrated blind examiners. The parameters analyzed were good, average or poor tissue repair. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to grade the postoperative painful symptomatology. Post-operative follow-up was rated according to immediate pain, and at time intervals of 72h, 1 week, 15 days and 1 month after the surgical procedure was performed.
Results: In the immediate clinical results, there was intense bleeding in the control group, and after 2 weeks, clinical repair in all groups exhibited gingival tissue with a healthy appearance, at the stage of epithelialization. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups considering pain and clinical repair.
Conclusion: Tissue repair was similar in all groups, showing a significant difference when the Control Group and the diode Group were compared. All techniques were effective for performing frenoplasty.
Keywords: Semiconductor Lasers; Oral Surgical Procedures; Oral Surgery; Post-operative Pain; Wound Healin

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the willingness of dental practitioners in Bulgaria to invest in continuing dental education and the readiness of the dental schools and professional dental organization to provide them with appropriate forms of training and teaching.
Methods: This study is a part of a broader longitudinal study of the process of re-professionalization of dentists in Bulgaria during the period of transition. Data were collected using a series of self-administered questionnaires (1995 – 2009) reflecting the interest in, the preferences for, and the willingness to, invest money and time in continuing professional education.
Results: Showed that the portion of dentists attending short continuing education courses increased (from 48.50% in 1995 to 67.60% in 2009) while the number of postgraduate dental students for the same period decreased considerably. The portion of dentists ready to invest in continuing education forms changed from 22.20% in 1995 to 30.60% in 2009. For the majority of dentists, the average investment in postgraduate learning is between 1.00% and 3.00% of their income. The average time most of dentists devoted annually is between 1 and 2 weeks. The rate of frequently attended courses in the domains of dental materials, implantology, and periodontology changed from 18.50% in 1995 to 38.00% in 2009. The dentists in Bulgaria showed relatively good level of confidence in their professional organization system of continuing education. Most of dentists scored as “good” the quality of continuing education courses organized by the BgDA (from 36.40% in 1995 to 39.80% in 2009).
Conclusion: Dentists in Bulgaria consider the necessity for updating their professional competences as a core philosophy of the professionalism. Continuing education demonstrates a growing dynamic: The preferred forms and areas of continuing education include mainly new methods to be applied in general dental practice. The dentists’ interest gradually changed from lecturing courses into hands on practical training. The readiness of dental practitioners to allocate resources for their professional up to day qualification changed toward reducing the duration of time at the expense of increasing the amount of funds. Licensing power of professional bodies based on continuing education system has strengthened while the role of dental schools has been comparatively limited.
Keywords: Continuing Dental Education; Continuing Professional Education; Continuing Education in Dental Schools; Long Life Learning

Prosthetic dentistry is one of the dental branches that has evolved remarkably, taking advantage of the latest digital innovations. Augmented reality (AR) is one of the digital technology advances that superimpose virtual and real objects in the surrounding environment. AR uses displays, input devices, tracking devices, and a computer. In dentistry, AR was initially used in education to provide an immersive experience while learning virtually. In prosthetic rehabilitation with dental implants, AR enabled the visualization of the digital images and preoperative planning data superimposed on the surgical field, which assisted accurate implant positioning and drilling on the correct spatial position. Implant placement accuracy significantly improved, and operation time was significantly reduced. However, specific software applications should be further upgraded to optimize the results. In aesthetic smile design, AR provides the patients with a preview of their makeover during their discussion appointment and saves the dentist time that was consumed by multiple photographs capturing and the mock-ups creation. Mobile applications are being developed to simplify the design procedure, enhance patient integration, and facilitate communication with laboratory partners.
Keywords: Augmented Reality; Prosthodontics; Implantology; Dynamic Navigation; Smile Design

Introduction: AVMs are abnormal congenital connections between arteries and veins bypassing the normal capillary bed, present at birth, although they may not become evident until adolescence or early adulthood, and they persist throughout life.
Case Presentation: A 3-year-old female patient presented with neck swelling, raised tongue with pus discharge from swollen floor of the mouth accompanied by foul smell. It was diagnosed as a ranula and advised by another doctor to be put on follow up until the child got older., incision and drainage of the neck swelling was done by three incisions (midline, right and left), Another incision at the floor of the mouth was done and communicated with extraoral incisions, drains put in place. The lesion at the floor of the mouth was excised. Biopsy sent to histopathology examination where the result revealed an arteriovenous malformation.
Conclusion: AVMs should always be considered in the diagnosis of sublingual swellings. Careful examination and diagnosis are critical to prevent fatal complications.
Keywords: Arteriovenous Malformation; Ludwig’s Angina; Infection; Floor of the Mouth Abbreviation AVM; Arteriovenous Malformation

Usually, the conventional method for wound synthesis is simple sutures with synthetic threads. However, there is an increased susceptibility to scar formation. Consequently, the development and use of non-invasive wound synthesis biomaterials has increased. Cyanoacrylate-based tissue adhesives are one of them, acting as a hemostatic agent, being also biodegradable and antibacterial. The purpose of this article is to present the case of a patient with cutaneous laceration due to trauma to the forehead, treated emergently in a dental office. The traumatic incision was synthesized with ethyl cyanoacrylate. No intercurrences were reported. The repair occurred with satisfactory clinical and aesthetic results.
Keywords: Cyanoacrylate; Skin; Wound Healing; Tissue Adhesive; Surgical Incisions; Lacerations

The oral mucositis is an acute inflammation extremely symptomatic that affects patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the head and neck region. Photobiomodulation by means of low intensity laser has been widely employed as an effective therapy in the prevention and treatment of mucositis induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The purpose of this article is to present the case of a patient with oral mucositis under chemotherapy treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. Applications of low intensity laser photobiomodulation were performed with remission of the oral mucositis and an increase in the quality of life of the patient.
Keywords: Acute Myeloid Leukemia; Chemotherapy; Mucositis; Photobiomodulation; Low Intensity Laser Therapy

There are several forms of osteomyelitis that can affect the mandibular bone; thus, diagnosis can be challenging. Chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis (CFSO), also known as condensing osteitis is a periapical lesion characterised by adaptive osteogenesis triggered by chronic odontogenic inflammation and mostly occurred in younger age group of patients. The goal of this review was to evaluate the literature on its clinical presentation and describe a Case of a female patient who had a long-standing radiopaque lesion in the right molar region of her mandible although no clinical septic symptoms were found. Clinical radiography and surgical management are reviewed in depth, with an emphasis on differential diagnosis with comparable lesions.
Keywords: Osteomyelitis; Mandible; Condensing; Radioopaque

Lichen planus is a dermatological lesion that affects the skin and mucous membranes. In the oral cavity, several clinical subtypes can be observed, among them the reticular – the most common; papular; plaque; erosive; atrophic; and bullous. It is more predisposed to the female gender, from the 5th decade of life, and the most affected site is the jugal mucosa. The purpose of this article is to present a case of lichen planus that affected the keratinized gingiva and the jugal mucosa of a patient without cutaneous alterations. The clinical characteristics, histopathology, incidence and frequency, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapeutic modalities and prognosis of this lesion were discussed, emphasizing the importance of oral examination.
Keywords: Lichen Planus; Gingiva; Oral Diagnosis; Oral Pathology; Periodontics Pandemic

Bichat´s buccal fat pad has had a limited aesthetic purpose for many years, but its use as an option in Oral surgery to reconstruct and close oro-nasal communications has been gaining attention. This article will expose two clinical cases in which the buccal fat pad was rotated postero-anteriorly to close and achieve healing in oro-nasal communications.
Keywords: Bichat’s Fat Pad; Maxillary Sinus; Dental Implants; Antrostomy

The treatment of anterior teeth is always an added challenge because of the emotional and subjective aspects of the patient. Alignment, tooth bleaching and edge bonding with new highly polishable nano-hybrid composites and ceramics can make cosmetic dentistry far simpler and less invasive.
When we have dark endodontically treated teeth, fractured restorations, teeth in incorrect positions and fractured teeth, it is necessary to make a correct assessment of the case, to carry out the most appropriate treatment plan. The search for a perfect smile should not always lead to invasive solutions such as veneers or crowns since invasive treatments may have a negative impact on the long-term tooth biomechanical behavior and global treatment cost.
This article discusses the treatment rationale for the use of nonrestorative and additive procedures and their respective indications in a comprehensive approach to dental esthetics.
Keywords: Esthetic Rehabilitation; Restorative Materials; Minimally Invasive Dentistry

The reverse engineering science i.e. Dental implants, commonly known as the 3^rd dentition, has always been the most preferred choice of prosthodontic treatment modality, more than the conventional fixed and removable prosthodontics. Failures in dental implantology are sometimes inevitable. This may be attributed to the improper diagnosis and treatment planning before and during the procedure. This gave birth to the concept of “surgical template”, also known as surgical guide or surgical stent. According to Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Ninth edition, surgical guide can be defined as a guide used to assist in proper surgical placement and angulation of dental implants.